Student Handbook |
FMST 0603
17
Dec 99
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1.
Given a
combat environment (day and night), and individual combat equipment, perform
field waste disposal, per the references.(FMST.06.03)
ENABLING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1.
Without
the aid of reference materials, and provided a list of methods of waste
disposal, select the most common methods of human waste disposal used in the
field, per the student handbook. (FMST.06.02e)
2.
Without
the aid of reference materials, when provided a list of methods of waste
disposal, select the common method of liquid waste disposal for a given field
situation, per the student handbook.(FMST.06.02f)
3.
Without
the aid of reference materials, and provided a list of methods of waste
disposal, select the common method of rubbish / garbage waste disposal for a
given field situation, per the student handbook. (FMST.06.02g)
OUTLINE:
A. WASTE
B.
TYPES OF
WASTE
1.
HUMAN
WASTE
a.
Feces
b.
Urine
c.
Blood/body
fluids
2.
LIQUID
WASTE
a.
Water
from bathing
b.
Liquid
kitchen waste (grey water)
3.
GARBAGE
a.
Peelings,
slices, or other semisolid / solid organic materials resulting from food service
operations
4.
RUBBISH
a.
Boxes,
cans, paper, or plastics
C.
GUIDELINES
FOR LATRINE PLACEMENT
1. Distance
a. At least 50 feet from berthing areas
b. At least 100 yards from mess facility
c.
At least 100 feet from water source
2. Latrines must drain away from water source
3.
Do not dig latrines below the water table
4.
Latrines must be closed and marked with type and date as tactical situation
permits
D.
GUIDELINES FOR GARBAGE PIT DISPOSAL DEVICE PLACEMENT
a.
recommend
less than 30 yards from mess area
b.
recommend at least 100 feet from water source
a.
recommend
at least 50 yards downwind from camp
E.
FIELD SANITATION DEVICES USED FOR FECAL DISPOSAL
1.
CAT HOLE
a.
Used by
individual troops on the march
b.
Dug with
an E-Tool, 1 ft wide x 1 ft deep
c.
Covered
immediately after use
2.
STRADDLE
TRENCH
a.
Used in
temporary bivouac for one to three days
b.
Four
trenches required for 100 people
c.
Construction
1.
1 ft wide
x 2 ˝ ft deep x 4 ft long
2.
Put
wooden planks on top of trench sides
3. Put a forked stick and a coffee can (#10) at end for toilet paper
3. DEEP PIT LATRINE
WITH “4 HOLER” BOX
a.
Used in temporary camps with very low water tables
b.
Each seat is for 12-20 people
c.
One 100 man unit requires two-four seat latrine boxes
d.
Construction
1.
Square
Configuration
a)
Box – 5
ft wide x 5 ft long x 18” height
b)
Pit – 4
ft wide x 4 ft long x 4 ft diameter
2.
Rectangle
Configuration
a)
Box – 2
˝ ft wide x 8 ft long x 18” height
b)
Pit – 2
ft wide x 7 ˝ ft long x 4 ft diameter
4. BURN OUT BARREL LATRINE
a.
Most common method of human waste disposal device used in the field
b.
Used where water table is high or where digging is difficult
c.
Encourage personnel to use urinals instead of latrine since additional
fuel is required to burn urine and feces
d.
Two sets of four seats required for 100 people
e.
Operation
1.
Prime
cans with 3” of diesel
2.
Burn cans
daily with one part gas to four parts diesel
3.
Clean and
disinfect daily
f. Tactical considerations
- i.e. cannot use in the vicinity of the enemy
5. CHEMICAL TOILETS
a.
Latrines maintained by contracted services
b.
Commonly utilized in garrison and during OUTCONUS training operations
6. MOUND LATRINE
a.
Used where water table is high or rock formations prevent digging
b.
Built with logs and compacted dirt
7. BORED
HOLE LATRINE
a.
Drilled by utility truck
b.
Hole 18” in diameter x 15-20’ deep
F.
FIELD SANITATION DEVICES USED FOR URINE DISPOSAL
1.
URINE
PIPES AND SOAKAGE PIT
a.
Dig a pit measuring 4ft x 4 ft x 4ft
b.
Fill pit with rocks, flattened tin cans, broken bottles, rubble
c.
Ventilation shafts will be at each end of the pit
1.
Inserted
into pit within six inches of the bottom
2.
Shall
extend six to twelve inches above ground level
d.
Urine pipes
1.
Six pipes
of one inch diameter inserted at a slight angle 8 inches below ground
2.
A screen
funnel, made of moisture proof material is placed on top of pipe
e.
Oil soaked burlap is placed on top of pit then covered with 6 inches of
compacted earth
f. One pipe can accommodate 20 men
2.
URINE TROUGH AND SOAKAGE PIT
a.
Used
where the water table is low
b.
A 10 foot
long, “V” or “U” shaped trough is made with a splashboard inserted in
the middle
c.
A smaller
drain trough or pipe is attached to one end to drain into a soakage pit
d.
Construct
it so the end with drain trough or pipe is lower than the other end
e.
One
trough will service 100 men
G.
FIELD SANITATION DEVICES USED FOR LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL
1.
SOAKAGE
PIT
a.
Dig a pit
4ft x 4ft x 4ft, similar to urine soakage pit, but without the pipes
b.
Adequate
for 200 people per week
c.
Two weeks
or more, dig two pits and use on alternating days
d.
Close pit
when it becomes clogged. Label with
“SOAKAGE PIT CLOSED (date)”
2.
SOAKAGE
TRENCH
a.
Used when ground water level or rock formation prevents use of soakage
pit
b.
May be used with pail or grease trap
c.
Dig a central pit 2ft wide x 2ft long x 1ft deep, with trenches extending
to 6ft long x 1 ft wide and 1 ˝
feet deep from the farthest end of the pit on a gradual downward slope to 1 foot
deep to the center of the pit
3.
EVAPORATION
BEDS
a.
Used to
dispose of liquid kitchen wastes in locations where soakage pits and grease
traps are impractical
b.
Recommended
for periods of short duration in hot, dry climates where soakage pits cannot be
dug or where soil is too hard to absorb moisture
4.
FILTER
GREASE TRAP
a.
Made from 55 gallon drum, with the top removed and the bottom perforated
b.
Filled in three layers with crushed rock or large gravel on bottom,
progressively smaller gravel in the middle, and a 6 inch layer of sand, ash,
charcoal or straw placed on top
c.
The drum is covered with burlap to catch large debris
d.
Burlap is removed daily, burned or buried and is replaced with a clean
one
e.
Barrel installed in center of a soakage pit, 2 inches below ground
5.
BAFFLE
GREASE TRAP
a.
Most effective device for removing grease
b.
Made from a water tight container and divided into three equal parts by
hanging baffles
c.
An outlet pipe is attached to container that extends outward to the
center of and 1 foot below the surface of a soakage pit
d.
Skim grease from first and second chambers daily and bury grease
H.
FIELD
SANITATION DEVICES FOR GARBAGE AND RUBBISH DISPOSAL
1.
GARBAGE
PIT
a.
Preferred method for overnight halts
b.
Pits are 4 ft square and 4 ft deep
c.
Pit will service 100 people per day
2.
GARBAGE
TRENCH
a.
Trench is dug 2 feet wide, 4 feet deep and long enough to accommodate the
next day’s garbage
b.
A continuous trench is used for stays of 2 days or more
3.
INCLINED
PLANE INCINERATOR
a.
Somewhat protected from wind and rain
b.
A sheet metal plane is inserted through three telescoped 55 gallon drums
with ends removed
c.
Drums are laid on an incline with metal plane extended 2 feet beyond
upper end of drums to serve as a loading platform
d.
A grate is placed on lower end where a wood or oil fed fire is placed
e.
Garbage is pushed from top of mechanism down to lower end
4.
BARREL
INCINERATOR
a.
Made of a 55 gallon drum with both ends removed, punching many holes near
the bottom, and inserting metal rods or small pipes through the barrel, several
inches above the holes
b.
Metal rods serve as a grate, the punched holes allow air draft
c.
The barrel is supported several inches above the ground with large
stones, bricks or dirt filled cans so that a fire can be built under it
d.
Garbage should be drained before use
e.
Commonly used for rubbish incineration
REFERENCE (S):
1.
Manual of Preventive Medicine (NAVMED P-5010-9)
2.
Field Hygiene and Sanitation (FM 21-10)
Field Medical Service School
Camp Pendleton, California